Turkey has an area of 799 500 km²and a population of 63.4 million.

Water resources

The total means annual precipitation volume is 501 km³, of which 186.05 km³ is runoff.

The General Directorate of State hydraulic Works (DSI) is in charge of water resources: it has 26 regional Directorates.

The total number of large dams in operation, higher than 15 m, is 461. The total storage volume of all dams in Turkey is 111.8 km3. There are 207 large dams under construction. The largest ones include Topcam (122 m high), Dim Dim (135 m ), Kigi (168 m )and Atasu (118m), in addtion to those listed in Table 1. Some of the most important dams planned are given in Table 2. Hydropower is an integrated function at many of Turkey^'s water resources development projects.

Per capita water consumption is 540 m³/person/year total and 85 m³/person/year for domestic consumption.

The ministry of Environment ids responsible for environmental issues and is the co-ordinating body for energy projects. The 1993 Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment requests an EIA for new investments. Including powerplants which will have a reservoir capacity of more than 0.1 km3.

The main domestic civil contractors for dams and hydro projects include AATA. ERG, Kiska, Dogus , Limak, Gris, MNG, Nurol. Ozzaltin. Gunsayin, Aaydincr, Yucelen, Gama and Yuksel.

Energy and power sectors

The main sources of primary energy in 1996 were lignite (40.5 per cent); wood (20.5 per cent); oil (13.7 per cent); hard coal (5.1 per cent); hydropower (12.9 per cent ); and others . sucfh as asphalt, natural gas , ge4othermal and solar (1.6 per cent ). The total primary energy consumption was 68.04 MTOE.

The main sources of electricity production in 1996 were: hard coal (3 per cent); hydro 943 per cent); lignite (29 per cent); oil (7 per cent );and, natural gas and geothermal (18 per cent). The thermal sources were hard coal (43 per cent); lignite4 (30 per cent); oil (7 per cent); and, natural gas and geothermal (19 per cent). The total electricity consumption was 94 789 GWh, representing per capita consumption of 1161 kWh/year.

Energy consumption is expected to increase by 10 per cent/year during the next decade, and electricity demand by 7 per cent/year.

During 1996, 270 Gwh of electricity was imported and 343 Gwh was exported.

The ministry of Energy and Natural Resources is in charge of energy and power. The Turkish Electricity Authority (TEK) owns most plants, and is divided into regional organizations. There are also various private companies, such as KEPEZ and CEAS. TEK is organized as two separate corporations: the Turkish Electricity Generation ¨CTransmission Corp (TTEAASs) and the Turkish electricity Distribution Corp 9TTEDAS). Thus, TEAS instead of TEK is now responsible for administering hydropower plants.

Studies on various organizational changes relating to the construction and operation of powerplants and the transmission and distribution of electricity are still being carried out.

Approximately 8.5 per cent of powerplant capacity is privately owned, and 6.9 per cent of hydro capacity. To attract private sector investment in hydropower projects, BOOOOOOT models and TOOR (transfer of operating rights) models are being developed.

At present, about 7 per cent of hydro plant capacity and 3.3 per cent of total powerplant capacity are privately owned.

Hydropower development

The gross theoretical hydropower potential of Turkey is 433 000 GWh/year and the technically feasible potential is 215 000 GWh/year. The economically feasible potential has been re-evaluated in 1997 as 123 385 GWh/year, equivalent to 34 862 MW. So far, about 17 per cent of the technically feasible potential has been developed. It is planned that by 2010, 60 per cent of the economically feasible hydropower potential will be developed and the installed capacity will reach 22 509 MW.

The total installed capacity of all thermal and hydro plants is 21 247 MW. There is about 10 108 MW of hydro capacity in operation, generating on average 36 866 GWh/year. Actual generation in 1996 was 40 475 GWh.

It is estimated that the hydro potential in operation could be uprated by tetween 10 and 15 per cent. About 57 of the 493 hydro projects are part of multipurpose schems.

A further 3938 MW of hydro capacity is under construction, and 19 433 MW is planned for the next 10 years.

The largest hydro plants under construction include: Birecik (672 MW), Deriner (670 MW), Berke (510 MW), Obruk (203 MW), Batman(198 MW), Karkamis *189 MW), Ozluce(170 MW) and Alpaslan (160 MW).

The mean cost per kW of the hydro capacity under construction is US$ 1350 /kW (excluding transmission costs).

The Southeast Anatolia Project (GAP), a large water resources development project involving 22 dams, 19 hydro plants (7474 MW, 27 TWh/year), which will provide irrigarion for agricultural production over an area of 1.7 ha in the region, is important for the sustainable development for the whole of Turkey. So far, about 60 per cent of the hydro capacity is in operation, including the Keban (1330 MW), Karakaya (1800 MW)and Ataturk(2400 MW) plants, and 15 per cent is under construction, which includes Birecik and Karkamis.

About 40 per cent of the total US$ 32 billion cost of the GAP has been expended so far.

Small hydro there are 57 small, mini or micro hydro plants in operation, with a total capacity of 126.5 MW. Two plants are under construction (3.6 MW) and 98 are planned (493 MW). It is planned that many of the small plants plants will be implement as BOT projects.

Future outlook

According to the result of the Long Term Generation Expansion Plan study of 1994 carried out by TEAS, the first priority is the development of Turkey's domestic renewable resources, such as hydropower, maintaining the least cost solution during 1997 to 2020. Considering an demand increase in electricity demand of 8 to 10 per cent/year, demand is forecast to increase to 347 GWh in 2010 and to 623 800 GWh in 2020. The country's installed capacity must be expanded rapidly to meet these requirements.

It will be difficult to meet the high investment costs for new hydro projects, especially or those with large dams, form Government sources will be important, in parallel with the programme of Liberalization implement by the Government, and to facilitate investment in the most important sectors, a new financial model is being introduced for the privatization of the electricity sector.

A BOT model is being developed for the construction of large scale projects with the participation of the private sector, allowing for local and foreign private enterprise to take part in the power sector. The relevant law is No. 3096.

In addition to those hydro plants being implement by DSI and those to be carried out within the framework of the BOT model, some large-scale hydro projects will be carried out with foreign partners under turnkey processes. Bilaterial co-operation between Turkish and some foreign governments has high-lighted some projects for turnkey implementation.